TY  - BOOK
AU  - Raju,Nivedita
AU  - Wan,Wilfred
ED  - SIPRI
TI  - Escalation risks at the space-nuclear nexus
T2  - SIPRI research policy paper
PY  - 2024///
CY  - Solna
PB  - SIPRI
KW  - missiles
KW  - early warning
KW  - risk assessment
KW  - communications
KW  - surveillance
KW  - reconnaissance
KW  - USA
KW  - space policy
KW  - national security
KW  - Russia
KW  - space
KW  - nuclear strategy
KW  - China
KW  - nuclear weapons
KW  - ISR
N1  - "February 2024"; SIP2423; Space systems are essential for nuclear and non-nuclear missions for China, Russia and the United States, with the space domain central in their national security strategies. Amid the strategic competition and rivalry between the three states, their threat perceptions exhibit unprecedented levels of worst-case scenario thinking, signalling a preparedness to respond with force in case of attacks or incidents involving space systems. Escalation risks in outer space, even possibly extending to the use of nuclear weapons, thus appear to be growing, especially as the deterrent role of such weapons is expanding to account for more capabilities with strategic effect.?While different variables will impact escalation dynamics at the intersection of outer space, nuclear weapons and related systems (the ‘space–nuclear nexus’), some factors clearly contribute to the risk of escalation. These include strategic ambiguity and unclear red lines on what actions could result in potential nuclear retaliation. These fuzzy red lines  are further blurred by the  many uncertainties in space operations, such as congestion of orbits, considerations of potential civilian harm, the role of commercial actors in space, and the integration of artificial intelligence into space systems. Additional space–nuclear-related risk reduction measures are therefore vital. This paper proposes measures at the multilateral, bilateral and unilateral levels for China, Russia and the USA to consider
UR  - https://doi.org/10.55163/FZDW6296
ER  -